Image Gallery
Chapter S5
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FIGURE S5.1Mean (1983–2004) shortwave radiation (W/m2) from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP). (a) annual, (b) January, (c) July, and (d) July 1992 monthly mean. Source: From ISCCP (2007). -
FIGURE S5.2Monthly mean shortwave radiation (W/m2) for (a) January, (b) April, (c) July, and (d) October. Data are from the NOCS product of Grist and Josey (2003). -
FIGURE S5.3Cloud cover (%) for (a) January, (b) April, (c) July and (d) October. Data are from the climatology of da Silva, Young, and Levitus (1994), based on surface observations. -
FIGURE S5.4Monthly mean longwave heat flux (W/m2) for (a) January, (b) April, (c) July, and (d) October. Data are from the NOCS product of Grist and Josey (2003). -
FIGURE S5.5Monthly mean latent heat flux (W/m2) for (a) January, (b) April, (c) July, and (d) October. Data are from the NOCS product of Grist and Josey (2003). -
FIGURE S5.6Monthly mean sensible heat flux (W/m2) for (a) January, (b) April, (c) July, and (d) October. Data are from the NOCS product of Grist and Josey (2003). -
FIGURE S5.7Monthly mean net heat flux (W/m2) for (a) January, (b) April, (c) July, and (d) October. Data are from the NOCS product of Grist and Josey (2003). -
FIGURE S5.8Annual mean air–sea (a) buoyancy flux, (b) heat flux, and (c) freshwater flux (precipitation, evaporation, and runoff) with the buoyancy and freshwater fluxes converted to equivalent heat fluxes (W/m2), based on Large and Yeager (2009) air–sea fluxes. Positive values (yellows-reds) indicate that the ocean is becoming less dense, warmer, or fresher in the respective maps. Contour interval is 25 W/m2; in (c) dotted contours are 10 and 20 W/m2. -
FIGURE S5.9Annual mean meridional transports of (a) heat (PW) and (b) freshwater (Sv). Uncertainties in the global estimates are given in green. The symbols with error bars show direct transport estimates, from Bryden and Imawaki (2001). Source: From Large and Yeager (2009). -
FIGURE S5.10aAnnual mean wind stress (N/m2) (vectors) and wind-stress curl (x 10−7 N/m3; color shading), multiplied by -1 in the Southern Hemisphere. (a) Pacific Ocean, (b) Atlantic Ocean, and (c) Indian Ocean. Data are from the NCEP reanalysis 1968–1996 (Kalnay et al., 1996). -
FIGURE S5.10bAnnual mean wind stress (N/m2) (vectors) and wind-stress curl (x 10−7 N/m3; color shading), multiplied by -1 in the Southern Hemisphere. (a) Pacific Ocean, (b) Atlantic Ocean, and (c) Indian Ocean. Data are from the NCEP reanalysis 1968–1996 (Kalnay et al., 1996). -
FIGURE S5.10cAnnual mean wind stress (N/m2) (vectors) and wind-stress curl (x 10−7 N/m3; color shading), multiplied by -1 in the Southern Hemisphere. (a) Pacific Ocean, (b) Atlantic Ocean, and (c) Indian Ocean. Data are from the NCEP reanalysis 1968–1996 (Kalnay et al., 1996).
