Image Gallery
Chapter 03
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FIGURE 3.1Values of density σt (curved lines) and the loci of maximum density and freezing point (at atmospheric pressure) for seawater as functions of temperature and salinity. The full density ρ is 1000 + σt with units of kg/m3. -
FIGURE 3.2The relation between depth and pressure, using a station in the northwest Pacific at 41° 53'N, 146° 18'W. -
FIGURE 3.3(a) Potential temperature (θ) and temperature (T) (°C), (b) conductivity (mmho), and (c) salinity in the northeastern North Pacific (36° 30'N, 135°W). -
FIGURE 3.4Increase in density with pressure for a water parcel of temperature 0°C and salinity 35.0 at the sea surface. -
FIGURE 3.5Potential density relative to (a) 0 dbar and (b) 4000 dbar as a function of potential temperature (relative to 0 dbar) and salinity. Parcels labeled 1 have the same density at the sea surface. The parcels labeled 2 represents Mediterranean (saltier) and Nordic Seas (fresher) source waters at their sills. -
FIGURE 3.6(a) Potential density and (b) Brunt-Väisälä frequency (cycles/h) and period (minutes) for a profile in the western North Pacific. -
FIGURE 3.7For station Papa in the Pacific Ocean at 39°N, 146°W, August, 1959: (a) temperature (°C) and salinity (psu) profiles, (b) corrections to sound speed due to salinity, temperature, and pressure, (c) resultant in situ sound-speed profile showing sound-speed minimum (SOFAR channel). -
FIGURE 3.8Sound ray diagrams: (a) from a shallow source for a sound-speed profile initially increasing with depth in upper mixed layer to a shallow minimum and then decreasing, and (b) from a sound source near the speed minimum in the sound channel for a typical open ocean sound-speed profile. -
FIGURE 3.9Schematic of optical processes in seawater. Adapted and simplified from Mobley (1995), with added indicators of seawater heating and photosynthesis, as well as satellite observation of ocean color. -
FIGURE 3.10(a) Attenuation coefficient kλ, as a function of wavelength λ (μm) for clearest ocean water (solid line) and turbid coastal water (dashed line). (b) Relative energy reaching 1, 10, and 50 m depth for clearest ocean water and reaching 1 and 10 m for turbid coastal waters. -
FIGURE 3.11Example of observations of water-leaving radiance observed by the Multi-angle Imaging Spectrum Radiometer (MISR), with bands observed by satellite color sensors indicated. Solid curves: low chlorophyll water (0.01 mg/m3). Dotted curves: high chlorophyll water (10.0 mg/m3). The two lower curves have the atmospheric signal removed. (H. Gordon, personal communication, 2009.) -
FIGURE 3.12Schematics of polynya formation: (a) latent heat polynya kept open by winds and (b) sensible heat polynya kept open by tidal mixing with warmer subsurface waters (after Hannah et al., 2009).
